The impacts of the food-feed-fuel competition on Brazilian food supply
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25070/rea.v15i2.441Resumo
The impact of the so-called "food-feed-fuel competition" on hunger has been a major concern worldwide. In addition, the environmental impacts caused by increases in the production of certain foods have made food supplying even more challenging. As few studies have dealt with this issue in Brazil, this paper aims to evaluate the country's nutritional situation since 1995, focusing on the effects of producing animal feed and biofuels on both the domestic availability of food and the role of Brazil as a food supplier to foreign countries. We estimate the quantity of nutrients produced in the country, compare them with the necessities of Brazilians and estimate the population that could be fed by means of Brazilian exports. The results indicate that despite the food-feed-fuel competition, the supply of food has increased and has been sufficient to nourish all Brazilians plus a number even larger of foreigners. As food availability is adequate, the large number of Brazilians still exposed to undernourishment reflects the limited access to food by low-income consumers. We also conclude that Brazil could contribute even more to feed foreigners if policies were implemented aiming to induce farmers to produce a different sort of products.Downloads
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Referências
Aguiar, D.R.D., 1998. A situação nutricional no Brasil. OIKOS - Revista Brasileira de Economia Doméstica, Viçosa, v.1, n. 11, p. 67-90.
Amaral, W.A.N., Peduto, A., 2010. Food security: the Brazilian case. Series on Trade and Food Security Policy Report. International Institute for Sustainable Development. Winnipeg, Canada.
Bajzelj, B., Richards, K.S., Allwood, J.M., Smith, P., Dennis, J.S., Curmi, E., Gilligan, C.A., 2014. Importance of food-demand management for climate mitigation. Nature Climate Change, 4, 924-929.
Banerjee, A., 2010. The advent of corn-based ethanol: A re-examination of the competition for grains. RIS Policy Briefs, n. 46. Available at: http://www.networkideas.org/news/jul2010/news02_RIS.htm
Banerjee, A., 2011. Food, feed, fuel: Transforming the competition for grains. Development and Change, v. 42, n. 2, p. 529-557.
Carvalho-Filho, J.J., 1995. A produção de alimentos e o problema da segurança alimentar. Estudos Avançados, v. 9, n. 24, p. 173-193.
CONAB, 2005. Séries históricas. Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento. Available at: http://www.conab.gov.br/conteudos.php?a=1252&.
Dias-Filho, M. B., 2014. Diagnóstico das pastagens no Brasil. Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental. Belém.
Dong, F., 2014. Food security and biofuels development: the case of China. Available at: http://www.card.iastate.edu/publications/synopsis.aspx?id=1060.
EIA, 2015. International energy statistics. U.S. Energy Information Administration. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=79&pid=80&aid=1&cid=regions&syid=2000&eyid=2012&unit=TBPD
Ensiso, S.R.A., Fellmann, T.; Dominguez, I. P., Santini, F., 2016. Abolishing biofuel policies: Possible impacts on agricultural price levels, price variability and global food security. Food Policy, 61: 9-26.
FAO, 2001. Food balance sheet: A handbook. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x9892e/x9892e00.htm
FAO, 2006. Livestock’s long shadow: Environmental issues and options. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.htm
FAO, 2009a. How to feed the World in 2050. Available at: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2050.pdf
FAO, 2009b. Declaration of the World Summit on Food Security. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization. Available at: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/Meeting/018/k6050e.pdf.
FAO, 2015. Food Balance Sheets. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization. Available at: http://faostat3.fao.org/download/FB/FBS/E.
FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2013. The state of food insecurity in the World 2013. The multiple dimensions of food security. Rome, FAO. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3434e/i3434e.pdf
FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2014. The state of food insecurity in the World 2014. Strengthening the enabling environment for food security and nutrition. Rome, FAO. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4030e.pdf
FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2015. The state of food insecurity in the World 2015. Meeting the 2015 international hunger targets: taking stock of uneven progress. Rome. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a4ef2d16-70a7-460a-a9ac-2a65a533269a/i4646e.pdf
Garnett, T., 2011. Where are the best opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the food system (including the food chain)? Food Policy, 36: 523-532.
Garnett, T., 2014a. What is a sustainable healthy diet? – A discussion paper. Oxford, Food Climate Research Network, Oxford Martin School / University of Oxford. Available at: http://www.fcrn.org.uk/sites/default/files/fcrn_what_is_a_sustainable_healthy_diet_final.pdf
Garnett, T., 2014b. Changing what we eat – A call for research & action on widespread adoption of sustainable healthy eating. Oxford, Food Climate Research Network, Oxford Martin School / University of Oxford. Available at: http://www.fcrn.org.uk/sites/default/files/fcrn_wellcome_gfs_changing_consumption_report_final.pdf
Garnett, T., 2015. Gut feelings and possible tomorrows: (where) does animal farming fit? Oxford, Food Climate Research Network, Oxford Martin School / University of Oxford. Available at: http://www.fcrn.org.uk/sites/default/files/fcrn_gut_feelings.pdf
HLPE, 2013. Biofuels and food security. A Report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome. Available at: http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/en/
Hoffmann, R., 1994. A insegurança alimentar no Brasil. Caderno de Debate, v. 2, p. 1–11.
IBGE, 2015a. Área plantada, área colhida e produção, por ano da safra e produto. Available at: http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?z=t&o=26&i=P&c=1618.
IBGE, 2015b. Séries históricas e estatísticas. Available at: http://seriesestatisticas.ibge.gov.br/series.aspx?vcodigo=AGRO03.
Kumar, K., 1989. Indicators for measuring changes in income, food availability and consumption, and the natural resource base. A.I.D. Program design and evaluation methodology, n. 12, chap. 4.
Locke, A., Henley, G., 2014. A review of the literature on biofuels and food security at a local level: Assessing the state of evidence. London: Overseas Development Institute. Available at: http://www.odi.org.uk/biofuels-lit-review
Melo, A.S., Lima, R.C., 2010. Biocombustíveis e culturas alimentares: Um estudo da relação de causalidade entre os preços do açúcar e do etanol no Brasil. In: 38th Nacional Meeting of the Brazilian Association of Postgraduate Programs in Economics, Bahia.
MS, 2008. Guia alimentar para a população brasileira: Promovendo a alimentação saudável. Brasília, Ministério da Saúde.
Musgrove, P., 1987. Os fatores econômicos no comportamento nutricional dos consumidores. Caderno NESP, Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, v. 1, p. 9-32.
Nogueira, L.A.H., Capaz, R.S., 2013. Biofuels in Brazil: Evolution, achievements and perspectives on food security. Global Food Security, 2(2): 117-125.
NOVA CANA, 2015. Curiosidades sobre o etanol. Available at: http://www.novacana.com/etanol/curiosidades/.
Otten, J.J., Hellwig, J.P., Meyers, L. (editors), 2006. Dietary reference intakes: The essential guide to nutrients requirements. Washington, DC, The Nacional Academies Press. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11537.html.
Regmi, A., Meade, B., 2013. Demand side drivers of global food security. Global Food Security, 2(3): 166-171.
Raniro, L.R., Aguiar, D.R.D., 2015. Mudança estrutural na indústria sucroalcooleira do Brasil. 53rd Brazilian Meeting of Agricultural Economics. Available at: http://icongresso.itarget.com.br/useradm/anais/?clt=ser.5&lng=P
SAGI, 2014. Análise de indicadores e dos resultados do suplemento de segurança alimentar e nutricional da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios - PNAD 2013. Secretaria de Avaliação e Gestão da Informação, Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate a Fome. Brasília.
Scarborough, P., Appleby, P.N., Mizdrak, A., Briggs, A.D.M., Travis, R.C., Bradbury, K.E., Key, T.J., 2014. Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK. Nature Climate Change, 125: 179-192.
Silva, P.R.F., Freitas, T.F.S., 2008. Biodiesel: O ônus e o bônus de produzir combustível. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v.38, n. 3, p.843-851.
Silva, R. O., Barioni, L. G., Hall, J.A.J, Matsuura, M.F, Albertini, T.Z., Fernandes, F.A., Moran, D., 2016. Increasing beef production could lower greenhouse gas emissions in Brazil if decoupled from deforestation. Nature Climate Change 6, 493–497.
Simas, J.P., 2010. Biocombustíveis e produção de alimentos: Uma análise das controvérsias científicas e sociais. Available at: http://pgene.ufabc.edu.br/conteudo/bloco2/publicacoes/Dissertacoes2010/DissertacaoJulyanaSimas.pdf.
Steigner, C., 2006. Modern beef production in Brazil and Argentina. Choices Magazine, 21(2): 105-110. Available at: http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.pdf.
UNICADATA, 2015a. Histórico de produção e moagem: por produto. Available at: http://www.unicadata.com.br.
UNICADATA, 2015b. Área cultiva com cana-de-açúcar: Área total por estado. Available at: http://www.unicadata.com.br.
USDA, 2015. Production, supply, and distribution online database (PSD Online). The United States Department of Agriculture. Available at: http://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/
Von Braun, J., 2007. The world food situation: New driving forces and required actions. International Food Policy Research Institute. Washington, D.C.
Von GREBMER, K. et al., 2015. Global hunger index: Armed conflict and the challenge of hunger. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
Yotopoulos, P.A., 1985. Middle-income classes and food crisis: the "new" food-feed competition. Economic Development and Cultural Change, v. 33, n. 3, p. 463-83.
Amaral, W.A.N., Peduto, A., 2010. Food security: the Brazilian case. Series on Trade and Food Security Policy Report. International Institute for Sustainable Development. Winnipeg, Canada.
Bajzelj, B., Richards, K.S., Allwood, J.M., Smith, P., Dennis, J.S., Curmi, E., Gilligan, C.A., 2014. Importance of food-demand management for climate mitigation. Nature Climate Change, 4, 924-929.
Banerjee, A., 2010. The advent of corn-based ethanol: A re-examination of the competition for grains. RIS Policy Briefs, n. 46. Available at: http://www.networkideas.org/news/jul2010/news02_RIS.htm
Banerjee, A., 2011. Food, feed, fuel: Transforming the competition for grains. Development and Change, v. 42, n. 2, p. 529-557.
Carvalho-Filho, J.J., 1995. A produção de alimentos e o problema da segurança alimentar. Estudos Avançados, v. 9, n. 24, p. 173-193.
CONAB, 2005. Séries históricas. Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento. Available at: http://www.conab.gov.br/conteudos.php?a=1252&.
Dias-Filho, M. B., 2014. Diagnóstico das pastagens no Brasil. Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental. Belém.
Dong, F., 2014. Food security and biofuels development: the case of China. Available at: http://www.card.iastate.edu/publications/synopsis.aspx?id=1060.
EIA, 2015. International energy statistics. U.S. Energy Information Administration. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=79&pid=80&aid=1&cid=regions&syid=2000&eyid=2012&unit=TBPD
Ensiso, S.R.A., Fellmann, T.; Dominguez, I. P., Santini, F., 2016. Abolishing biofuel policies: Possible impacts on agricultural price levels, price variability and global food security. Food Policy, 61: 9-26.
FAO, 2001. Food balance sheet: A handbook. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x9892e/x9892e00.htm
FAO, 2006. Livestock’s long shadow: Environmental issues and options. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.htm
FAO, 2009a. How to feed the World in 2050. Available at: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2050.pdf
FAO, 2009b. Declaration of the World Summit on Food Security. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization. Available at: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/Meeting/018/k6050e.pdf.
FAO, 2015. Food Balance Sheets. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization. Available at: http://faostat3.fao.org/download/FB/FBS/E.
FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2013. The state of food insecurity in the World 2013. The multiple dimensions of food security. Rome, FAO. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3434e/i3434e.pdf
FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2014. The state of food insecurity in the World 2014. Strengthening the enabling environment for food security and nutrition. Rome, FAO. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4030e.pdf
FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2015. The state of food insecurity in the World 2015. Meeting the 2015 international hunger targets: taking stock of uneven progress. Rome. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a4ef2d16-70a7-460a-a9ac-2a65a533269a/i4646e.pdf
Garnett, T., 2011. Where are the best opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the food system (including the food chain)? Food Policy, 36: 523-532.
Garnett, T., 2014a. What is a sustainable healthy diet? – A discussion paper. Oxford, Food Climate Research Network, Oxford Martin School / University of Oxford. Available at: http://www.fcrn.org.uk/sites/default/files/fcrn_what_is_a_sustainable_healthy_diet_final.pdf
Garnett, T., 2014b. Changing what we eat – A call for research & action on widespread adoption of sustainable healthy eating. Oxford, Food Climate Research Network, Oxford Martin School / University of Oxford. Available at: http://www.fcrn.org.uk/sites/default/files/fcrn_wellcome_gfs_changing_consumption_report_final.pdf
Garnett, T., 2015. Gut feelings and possible tomorrows: (where) does animal farming fit? Oxford, Food Climate Research Network, Oxford Martin School / University of Oxford. Available at: http://www.fcrn.org.uk/sites/default/files/fcrn_gut_feelings.pdf
HLPE, 2013. Biofuels and food security. A Report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome. Available at: http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/en/
Hoffmann, R., 1994. A insegurança alimentar no Brasil. Caderno de Debate, v. 2, p. 1–11.
IBGE, 2015a. Área plantada, área colhida e produção, por ano da safra e produto. Available at: http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?z=t&o=26&i=P&c=1618.
IBGE, 2015b. Séries históricas e estatísticas. Available at: http://seriesestatisticas.ibge.gov.br/series.aspx?vcodigo=AGRO03.
Kumar, K., 1989. Indicators for measuring changes in income, food availability and consumption, and the natural resource base. A.I.D. Program design and evaluation methodology, n. 12, chap. 4.
Locke, A., Henley, G., 2014. A review of the literature on biofuels and food security at a local level: Assessing the state of evidence. London: Overseas Development Institute. Available at: http://www.odi.org.uk/biofuels-lit-review
Melo, A.S., Lima, R.C., 2010. Biocombustíveis e culturas alimentares: Um estudo da relação de causalidade entre os preços do açúcar e do etanol no Brasil. In: 38th Nacional Meeting of the Brazilian Association of Postgraduate Programs in Economics, Bahia.
MS, 2008. Guia alimentar para a população brasileira: Promovendo a alimentação saudável. Brasília, Ministério da Saúde.
Musgrove, P., 1987. Os fatores econômicos no comportamento nutricional dos consumidores. Caderno NESP, Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, v. 1, p. 9-32.
Nogueira, L.A.H., Capaz, R.S., 2013. Biofuels in Brazil: Evolution, achievements and perspectives on food security. Global Food Security, 2(2): 117-125.
NOVA CANA, 2015. Curiosidades sobre o etanol. Available at: http://www.novacana.com/etanol/curiosidades/.
Otten, J.J., Hellwig, J.P., Meyers, L. (editors), 2006. Dietary reference intakes: The essential guide to nutrients requirements. Washington, DC, The Nacional Academies Press. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11537.html.
Regmi, A., Meade, B., 2013. Demand side drivers of global food security. Global Food Security, 2(3): 166-171.
Raniro, L.R., Aguiar, D.R.D., 2015. Mudança estrutural na indústria sucroalcooleira do Brasil. 53rd Brazilian Meeting of Agricultural Economics. Available at: http://icongresso.itarget.com.br/useradm/anais/?clt=ser.5&lng=P
SAGI, 2014. Análise de indicadores e dos resultados do suplemento de segurança alimentar e nutricional da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios - PNAD 2013. Secretaria de Avaliação e Gestão da Informação, Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate a Fome. Brasília.
Scarborough, P., Appleby, P.N., Mizdrak, A., Briggs, A.D.M., Travis, R.C., Bradbury, K.E., Key, T.J., 2014. Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK. Nature Climate Change, 125: 179-192.
Silva, P.R.F., Freitas, T.F.S., 2008. Biodiesel: O ônus e o bônus de produzir combustível. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v.38, n. 3, p.843-851.
Silva, R. O., Barioni, L. G., Hall, J.A.J, Matsuura, M.F, Albertini, T.Z., Fernandes, F.A., Moran, D., 2016. Increasing beef production could lower greenhouse gas emissions in Brazil if decoupled from deforestation. Nature Climate Change 6, 493–497.
Simas, J.P., 2010. Biocombustíveis e produção de alimentos: Uma análise das controvérsias científicas e sociais. Available at: http://pgene.ufabc.edu.br/conteudo/bloco2/publicacoes/Dissertacoes2010/DissertacaoJulyanaSimas.pdf.
Steigner, C., 2006. Modern beef production in Brazil and Argentina. Choices Magazine, 21(2): 105-110. Available at: http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.pdf.
UNICADATA, 2015a. Histórico de produção e moagem: por produto. Available at: http://www.unicadata.com.br.
UNICADATA, 2015b. Área cultiva com cana-de-açúcar: Área total por estado. Available at: http://www.unicadata.com.br.
USDA, 2015. Production, supply, and distribution online database (PSD Online). The United States Department of Agriculture. Available at: http://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/
Von Braun, J., 2007. The world food situation: New driving forces and required actions. International Food Policy Research Institute. Washington, D.C.
Von GREBMER, K. et al., 2015. Global hunger index: Armed conflict and the challenge of hunger. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
Yotopoulos, P.A., 1985. Middle-income classes and food crisis: the "new" food-feed competition. Economic Development and Cultural Change, v. 33, n. 3, p. 463-83.
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2017-09-04
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Aguiar, D. R. D. de, & Costa, G. N. da. (2017). The impacts of the food-feed-fuel competition on Brazilian food supply. Revista De Economia E Agronegócio, 15(2), 163–182. https://doi.org/10.25070/rea.v15i2.441
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