The Shamima Gegum case in the United Kingdom and the human right to nationality in light of the 1961 United Nations Convention for the reduction of statelessness

Authors

  • Rafaela Claudino Osaki Universidade Estadual Paulista, Universidade Estadual de Campinas e Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3212-5695

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32361/2024160216931

Keywords:

Shamima Begum, United Kingdom, Nationality, Statelessness, International Law

Abstract

The object of this study is the Shamima Begum case in the United Kingdom, who became stateless after the deprivation of her British nationality. Facing the dilemma of “returning extremists” in Europe after the fall of the Islamic State in Syria, the punitive bias and legality of the measure are questioned. To this end, the changes to the British Nationality Act of 1981 after the Hamza (2003) and Al-Jedda (2014) judgments will be analysed. The theme will continually be evaluated through paradigmatic cases at the European Court of Human Rights. Therefore, it aims to defend the right to nationality in light of the 1961 UN Convention for the Reduction of Statelessness, which constitutes a “hard law” to domestic legislation. As a result, human rights shall prevail over sovereignty and national security, as the Begum case set a dangerous precedent regarding the destitution of original nationality in the context of counterterrorism.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Rafaela Claudino Osaki, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Universidade Estadual de Campinas e Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

Mestranda em Relações Internacionais “San Tiago Dantas” pela Universidade Estadual Paulista, Universidade Estadual de Campinas e Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. Especialista em Direito Internacional e Direitos Humanos pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais. Bacharela em Direito pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. E-mail: rafaela.osaki@unesp.br

References

ARENDT, H. Origens do totalitarismo. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2012.

BANGLADESH. The Citizenship Act, 1951. Disponível em: https://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain/opendocpdf.pdf?reldoc=y&docid=543d0d724.

BBC NEWS. “Radical cleric Abu Hamza jailed for life by US court”. BBC, 9 jan. 2015. Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-30754959 Acesso em: 6 out. 2023.

BBC NEWS. “Shamima Begum will not be allowed here, Bangladesh says”. BBC, 21 fev. 2019a. Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-47312207 Acesso em: 6 out. 2023.

BBC NEWS. “Shamima Begum: IS bride ‘would face death penalty in Bangladesh’”. BBC, 3 maio 2019b. Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-47312207. Acesso em: 6 out. 2023.

CANÇADO TRINDADE, A. A. International law for humankind: Towards a new jus gentium. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010a.

CANÇADO TRINDADE, A. A. DILEMAS E DESAFIOS DA PROTEÇÃO INTERNACIONAL DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS NO LIMIAR DO SÉCULO XXI. Revista dos Estudantes de Direito da Universidade de Brasília, v. 3, n. 1, 2010b. Disponível em: https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/redunb/article/view/20503.

CHULOV, M.; PARVEEN, N. “Shamima Begum: baby son dies in Syrian refugee camp”. The Guardian, 9 mar. 2019. Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/mar/08/shamima-begum-confusion-after-reports-newborn-son-may-have-died. Acesso em: 6 out. 2023.

COMISSÃO ESPECIAL DE RECURSOS DE IMIGRAÇÃO. Abu Hamza (Appellant) v The Secretary of State for the Home Department (Respondent). Appeal No: SC/23/2003, 5 nov. 2010. Disponível em: http://siac.decisions.tribunals.gov.uk/Documents/Hamzaopenpreliminaryissuejudgment05112010.pdf.

COMISSÃO ESPECIAL DE RECURSOS DE IMIGRAÇÃO. Shamima Begum (Appellant) v The Secretary of State for the Home Department (Respondent). Appeal No: SC/163/2019, 22 fev. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Shamima-Begum-OPEN-Judgment.pdf.

CONSELHO DA EUROPA. Convenção Europeia dos Direitos do Homem, 1950. Disponível em: https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_por.

CONSELHO DA EUROPA. Protocol No. 7 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1984. Disponível em: https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/Library_Collection_P7postP11_ETS117E_ENG.

CONSELHO DA EUROPA. European Convention on Nationality, 1997. Disponível em: https://rm.coe.int/168007f2c8.

CORTE INTERNACIONAL DE JUSTIÇA. STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, 1945. Disponível em: https://www.icj-cij.org/statute.

GOWER, M; MCGUINNESS, T; MCKINNEY, CJ. “Deprivation of British citizenship and withdrawal of passports”. Research Briefing: House of Commons Library, 19 mai. 2023. Disponível em: https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06820/SN06820.pdf.

ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS. Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos, 1948. Disponível em: https://www.unicef.org/brazil/declaracao-universal-dos-direitos-humanos.

ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS. Convenção Sobre o Estatuto dos Apátridas, 1954. Disponível em: https://www.acnur.org/fileadmin/Documentos/portugues/BDL/Convencao_sobre_o_Estatuto_dos_Apatridas_de_1954.pdf.

ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS. Convenção para a Redução dos Casos de Apatridia, 1961. Disponível em: https://www.acnur.org/fileadmin/Documentos/portugues/BDL/Convencao_para_a_Reducao_dos_Casos_de_Apatridia_de_1961.pdf.

ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969. Disponível em: https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf.

ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS. Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 1993. Disponível em: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/vienna-declaration-and-programme-action.

ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS. Expert Meeting: Interpreting the 1961 Statelessness Convention and Avoiding Statelessness resulting from Loss and Deprivation of Nationality. Summary Conclusions, 1 nov. 2013. Disponível em: https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/533a754b4.pdf. Acesso em: 6 out. 2023.

ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS. SKELETON ARGUMENT OF THE UN SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS WHILE COMBATTING TERRORISM. CO/798/2020, 29 mai. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Terrorism/SR/2020_05_29_FINAL_Begum_Intervention.pdf. Acesso em: 6 out. 2023.

PARLAMENTO BRITÂNICO. Table of Contents for Monday 8 Jul 2002, Volume No. 63, Part No. 165. Daily Hansard, 2002. Disponível em: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200102/ldhansrd/vo020708/text/20708-19.htm.

PARLAMENTO BRITÂNICO. Immigration Bill Explanatory Notes on 30th January 2014, [HL Bill 84]. House of Commons, 2014. Disponível em: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/lbill/2013-2014/0084/en/14084en.pdf.

PIOVESAN, F. C. Direitos humanos: desafios e perspectivas contemporâneas. Revista do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho, v. 75, n. 1, p. 107-113, 2009. Disponível em: https://juslaboris.tst.jus.br/bitstream/handle/20.500.12178/6566/010_piovesan.pdf.

REINO UNIDO. British Nationality Act, 1981. Disponível em: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/61/section/40#commentary-key-587987ae6bc4e0aa8a9b2adca56c7df7.

REINO UNIDO. Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act, 2002. Disponível em: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/41/section/4.

REINO UNIDO. Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc) Act, 2004. Disponível em: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/19/schedule/2.

REINO UNIDO. Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act, 2006. Disponível em: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/13/section/56.

REINO UNIDO. Immigration Act, 2014. Disponível em: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2014/22/section/66.

REZEK, J. F. Direito Internacional Público: Curso Elementar. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2014.

SKY NEWS. “Syria refugee camp 'womb' for new generation of IS extremists as killings surge”. SKY, 18 fev. 2021. Disponível em: https://news.sky.com/story/syria-refugee-camp-womb-for-new-generation-of-is-extremists-as-killings-surge-12221571. Acesso em: 6 out. 2023.

SUPREMA CORTE DO REINO UNIDO. Secretary of State for the Home Department (Appellant) v Al-Jedda (Respondent). Case ID: [2013] UKSC 62, 9 out. 2013. Disponível em: https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2013/62.html.

SUPREMA CORTE DO REINO UNIDO. R (on the application of Begum) (Appellant) v Special Immigration Appeals Commission (Respondent); R (on the application of Begum) (Respondent) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Appellant); Begum (Respondent) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Appellant). Case ID: [2021] UKSC 7, 26 fev. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2020-0156-judgment.pdf.

TRIBUNAL EUROPEU DE DIREITOS HUMANOS. Case of Ramadan v. Malta. Application no. 76136/12, 17 out. 2016. Disponível em: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/?i=001-163820.

TRIBUNAL EUROPEU DE DIREITOS HUMANOS. Case of Ghoumid and Others v. France. Application no. 52273/16 and 4 others, 25 set. 2020. Disponível em: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-203534.

TRIBUNAL EUROPEU DE DIREITOS HUMANOS. Case of Emin Huseynov v. Azerbaijan (No. 2). Application no. 1/16, 13 jul. 2023. Disponível em: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-225807.

WEBBER, F. “CITIZENSHIP: FROM RIGHT TO PRIVILEGE”. Institute of Race Relations, 11 set. 2022. Disponível em: https://irr.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Deprivation-of-citizenship-Final-LR.pdf Acesso em: 6 oct. 2023.

Downloads

Published

2024-10-03

How to Cite

OSAKI, R. C. The Shamima Gegum case in the United Kingdom and the human right to nationality in light of the 1961 United Nations Convention for the reduction of statelessness. Revista de Direito, [S. l.], v. 16, n. 02, p. 01–32, 2024. DOI: 10.32361/2024160216931. Disponível em: https://periodicos.ufv.br/revistadir/article/view/16931. Acesso em: 26 dec. 2024.

Issue

Vol. 16 No. 02 (2024)

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2024 Revista de Direito

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

The published work is the entirely the responsibility of the authors, and Revista de Direito is only responsible for its evaluation, as a medium for scientific publication.

After publication, the authors cede the copyright, which becomes the property of Revista de Direito.

Revista de Direito is not responsible for any violations of Law No. 9,610/1998, the Brazilian Copyright Law.

In the identification of plagiarism and self-plagiarism, the manuscript will be rejected.