Growth hormone and doping in sport
Keywords:
growth hormone; doping; sportAbstract
Growth hormone and doping in sport The growth hormone (hGH) has an important role in regulating metabolism. The recombinant hGH was developed to be used in the treatment of patients with hGH deficiency. However, now used illegally by athletes from various sports and is part of the list of prohibited substances of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) since 1989. This review aims to present aspects related to the use of hGH doping by highlighting its use, its ergolytics effects, and detection methods. Thus was performed a literature review in PubMed, SciELO and LILACS, using the key words “growth hormone” and “doping”.
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References
BARROSO, O.; SCHAMASCH, P.; RABIN, O. Detection of GH abuse in sport: past, present and future. Growth Horm IGF Res., v. 19, p. 369-74, 2009.
BAUMANN, G. P. Growth hormone doping in sports: a critical review of use and detection strategies. Endocr. Rev., v. 33, p. 155-86, 2012.
BIDLINGMAIER, M.; SUHR, J.; ERNST, A.; WU, Z.; KELLER, A.; STRASBURGER, C. J. et al. High-sensitivity chemiluminescence immunoassays for detection of growth hormone doping in sports. Clin Chem., v. 55, p. 445-53, 2009.
BIDLINGMAIER, M.; WU, Z.; STRASBURGER, C. J. Test method: GH. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab., v. 14, p. 99-109, 2000.
BROWN, P.; GAJDUSEK, D. C.; GIBBS JR., C. J.; ASHER, D. M. Potential epidemic of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease from human growth hormone therapy. N. Engl. J. Med., v. 313, p. 728-31, 1985.
BUZZINI, S. R. Abuse of growth hormone among young athletes. Pediatr. Clin. North Am., v. 54, p. 823-43, 2007.
CITTADINI, A.; BERGGREN, A.; LONGOBARDI, S.; EHRNBORG, C.; NAPOLI, R.; ROSÉN, T. et al. Supraphysiological doses of GH induce rapid changes in cardiac morphology and function. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 87, p. 1654-9, 2002.
COLAO, A.; FERONE, D.; MARZULLO, P.; LOMBARDI, G. Systemic complications of acromegaly: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management. Endocr. Rev., v. 25, p. 102-52, 2004.
DOESSING, S.; HEINEMEIER, K. M.; HOLM, L.; MACKEY, A. L.; SCHJERLING, P.; RENNIE, M. et al. Growth hormone stimulates the collagen synthesis in human tendon and skeletal muscle without affecting myofibrillar protein synthesis. J. Physiol., v. 588, p. 341-51, 2010.
EDÉN, S. The secretory pattern of growth hormone. An experimental study in the rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl., v. 458, p. 1-54, 1978.
EHRNBORG, C.; BENGTSSON, B. A.; ROSEN, T. Growth hormone abuse. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 14, p. 71-7, 2000.
EHRNBORG, C.; ROSÉN, T. Physiological and pharmacological basis for the ergogenic effects of growth hormone in elite sports. Asian J. Androl., v. 10, p. 373-83, 2008.
FELSING, N. E.; BRASEL, J. A.; COOPER, D. M. Effect of low and high intensity exercise on circulating growth hormone in men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 75, p. 157-62, 1992.
FRYBURG, D. A.; BARRETT, E. J. Growth hormone acutely stimulates skeletal muscle but not whole-body protein synthesis in humans. Metabolism, v. 42, p. 1223-7, 1993.
GIBNEY, J.; HEALY, M. L.; SÖNKSEN, P. H. The growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I axis in exercise and sport. Endocr. Rev., v. 28, p. 603-24, 2007.
GODFREY, R. J.; BLAZEVICH, A. J. Exercise and growth hormone in the aging individual, with special reference to the exercise-induced growth hormone response. Int. Sport. Med. J., v. 5, n. 246, 2004.
GOEDDEL, D. V.; HEYNEKER, H. L.; HOZUMI, T.; ARENTZEN, R.; ITAKURA, K.; YANSURA, D. G. et al. Direct expression in Escherichia coli of a DNA sequence coding for human growth hormone. Nature, v. 281, p. 544-8, 1979.
GUYTON, A. C.; HALL, J. E. (Ed.). Textbook of medical physiology. Pennsylvania: Elsevier Saunders, 2006.
HOLT, R. I.; EROTOKRITOU-MULLIGAN, I.; SÖNKSEN, P. H. The history of doping and growth hormone abuse in sport. Growth Horm IGF Res., v. 19, p. 320-6, 2009.
HOLT, R. I.; SÖNKSEN, P. H. Growth hormone, IGF-I and insulin and their abuse in sport. Br. J. Sports Med., v. 154, p. 542-56, 2008.
IRANMANESH, A.; LIZARRALDE, G.; JOHNSON, M. L.; VELDHUIS, J. D. Nature of altered growth hormone secretion in hyperthyroidism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 72, p. 108-15, 1991.
IRANMANESH, A.; LIZARRALDE, G.; VELDHUIS, J. D. Age and relative adiposity are specific negative determinants of the frequency and amplitude of growth hormone (GH) secretory bursts and the halflife of endogenous GH in healthy men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 73, p. 1081-8, 1991.
KRAEMER, W. J.; DUNN-LEWIS, C.; COMSTOCK, B. A.; THOMAS, G. A.; CLARK, J. E.; NINDL, B. C. Growth hormone, exercise, and athletic performance: a continued evolution of complexity. Curr. Sports Med. Rep., v. 9, p. 242-52, 2010.
LANGE, K. H.; ANDERSEN, J. L.; BEYER, N.; ISAKSSON, F.; LARSSON, B.; RASMUSSEN, M. H. et al. GH administration changes myosin heavy chain isoforms in skeletal muscle but does not augment muscle strength or hypertrophy, either alone or combined with resistance exercise training in healthy elderly men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 87, p. 513-23, 2002.
LANGE, K. H.; ISAKSSON, F.; RASMUSSEN, M. H.; JUUL, A.; BÜLOW, J.; KJAER, M. GH administration and discontinuation in healthy elderly men: effects on body composition, GH-related serum markers, resting heart rate and resting oxygen uptake. Clin. Endocrinol., v. 55, p. 77-86, 2001.
LI, C. H.; DIXON, J. S. Human pituitary growth hormone. 32. The primary structure of the hormone: revision. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., v. 146, p. 233-6, 1971.
LI, C. H.; PAPKOFF, H. Preparation and properties of growth hormone from human and monkey pituitary glands. Science, v. 124, p. 1293-4, 1956.
LONGOBARDI, S.; KEAY, N.; EHRNBORG, C.; CITTADINI, A.; ROSÉN, T.; DALL, R. et al. Growth hormone (GH) effects on bone and collagen turnover in healthy adults and its potential as a marker of GH abuse in sports: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. The GH-2000 Study Group. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 85, p. 1505-12, 2000.
MACINTYRE, J. G. Growth hormone and athletes. Sports Med., v. 4, p. 129-42, 1987.
MCHUGH, C. M.; PARK, R. T.; SÖNKSEN, P. H.; HOLT, R. I. Challenges in detecting the abuse of growth hormone in sport. Clin. Chem., v. 51, p. 1587-93, 2005.
MØLLER, N.; JØRGENSEN, J. O. Effects of growth hormone on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in human subjects. Endocr. Rev., v. 30, p. 152-77, 2009.
NIALL, H. D. Revised primary structure for human growth hormone. Nat. New Biol., v. 230, p. 90-1, 1971.
PELL, J. M.; BATES, P. C. The nutritional regulation of growth hormone action. Nutr. Res. Rev., v. 3, p. 163-92, 1990.
POWRIE, J. K.; BASSETT, E. E.; ROSEN, T; JØRGENSEN, J. O.; NAPOLI, R.; SACCA, L. et al. Detection of growth hormone abuse in sport. Growth Horm IGF Res., v. 17, p. 220-6, 2007.
RABEN, M. S. Treatment of a pituitary dwarf with human growth hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 18, p. 901-3, 1958.
RENNIE, M. J. Claims for the anabolic effects of growth hormone: a case of the emperor's new clothes? Br. J. Sports Med., v. 37, p. 100-5, 2003.
RICKERT, V. I.; PAWLAK-MORELLO, C.; SHEPPARD, V.; JAY, M. S. Human growth hormone: a new substance of abuse among adolescents? Clin. Pediatr., v. 31, p. 723-62, 1992.
SAUGY, M.; ROBINSON, N.; SAUDAN, C.; BAUME, N.; AVOIS, L.; MANGIN, P. Human growth hormone in sport. Br. J. Sports Med., v. 40, p. 35-9, 2006.
SÖNKSEN, P. H. Insulin, growth hormone and sport. J. Endocrinol., v. 170, p. 13-25, 2001.
STOLAR, M. W.; BAUMANN, G. Secretory patterns of growth hormone during basal periods in man. Metabolism., v. 35, p. 883-8, 1986.
TAAFFE, D. R.; PRUITT, L.; REIM, J.; HINTZ, R. L.; BUTTERFIELD, G.; HOFFMAN, A. R. et al. Effect of recombinant human growth hormone on the muscle strength response to resistance exercise in elderly men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 79, p. 1361-6, 1994.
TAKAHASHI, Y.; KIPNIS, D. M.; DAUGHADAY, W. H. Growth hormone secretion during sleep. J. Clin. Invest., v. 47, p. 2079-90, 1968.
TRAVIS, J. Pharmacology. Growth hormone test finally nabs first doper. Science, v. 327, p. 1185, 2010.
WALLACE, J. D.; CUNEO, R. C.; BIDLINGMAIER, M.; LUNDBERG, P. A.; CARLSSON, L.; BOGUSZEWSKI, C. L. et al. Changes in non-22-kilodalton (kDa) isoforms of growth hormone (GH) after administration of 22- kDa recombinant human GH in trained adult males. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 86, p. 1731-7, 2001.
WILLIAMS, T.; MAXON, H.; THORNER, M. O.; FROHMAN, L. A. Blunted growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing hormone in hypothyroidism resolves in the euthyroid state. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 61, p. 454-6, 1985.
WINER, L. M.; SHAW, M. A.; BAUMANN, G. Basal plasma growth hormone levels in man: new evidence for rhythmicity of growth hormone secretion. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 70, p. 1678-86, 1990.
WORLD ANTI-DOPING AGENCY. International Standard for Laboratories; 2008 [citada 15 noviembre 2013]. Disponible en: <http://www.wada- ama.org/rtecontent/document/lab_08_V_05.pdf>.
WU, Z.; BIDLINGMAIER, M.; DALL, R.; STRASBURGER, C. J. Detection of doping with human growth hormone. Lancet, v. 353, p. 895, 1999.
YARASHESKI, K. E.; ZACHWIEJA, J. J.; CAMPBELL, J. A.; BIER, D. M. Effect of growth hormone and resistance exercise on muscle growth and strength in older men. Am. J. Physiol., v. 268, p. 268-76, 1995.
BAUMANN, G. P. Growth hormone doping in sports: a critical review of use and detection strategies. Endocr. Rev., v. 33, p. 155-86, 2012.
BIDLINGMAIER, M.; SUHR, J.; ERNST, A.; WU, Z.; KELLER, A.; STRASBURGER, C. J. et al. High-sensitivity chemiluminescence immunoassays for detection of growth hormone doping in sports. Clin Chem., v. 55, p. 445-53, 2009.
BIDLINGMAIER, M.; WU, Z.; STRASBURGER, C. J. Test method: GH. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab., v. 14, p. 99-109, 2000.
BROWN, P.; GAJDUSEK, D. C.; GIBBS JR., C. J.; ASHER, D. M. Potential epidemic of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease from human growth hormone therapy. N. Engl. J. Med., v. 313, p. 728-31, 1985.
BUZZINI, S. R. Abuse of growth hormone among young athletes. Pediatr. Clin. North Am., v. 54, p. 823-43, 2007.
CITTADINI, A.; BERGGREN, A.; LONGOBARDI, S.; EHRNBORG, C.; NAPOLI, R.; ROSÉN, T. et al. Supraphysiological doses of GH induce rapid changes in cardiac morphology and function. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 87, p. 1654-9, 2002.
COLAO, A.; FERONE, D.; MARZULLO, P.; LOMBARDI, G. Systemic complications of acromegaly: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management. Endocr. Rev., v. 25, p. 102-52, 2004.
DOESSING, S.; HEINEMEIER, K. M.; HOLM, L.; MACKEY, A. L.; SCHJERLING, P.; RENNIE, M. et al. Growth hormone stimulates the collagen synthesis in human tendon and skeletal muscle without affecting myofibrillar protein synthesis. J. Physiol., v. 588, p. 341-51, 2010.
EDÉN, S. The secretory pattern of growth hormone. An experimental study in the rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl., v. 458, p. 1-54, 1978.
EHRNBORG, C.; BENGTSSON, B. A.; ROSEN, T. Growth hormone abuse. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 14, p. 71-7, 2000.
EHRNBORG, C.; ROSÉN, T. Physiological and pharmacological basis for the ergogenic effects of growth hormone in elite sports. Asian J. Androl., v. 10, p. 373-83, 2008.
FELSING, N. E.; BRASEL, J. A.; COOPER, D. M. Effect of low and high intensity exercise on circulating growth hormone in men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 75, p. 157-62, 1992.
FRYBURG, D. A.; BARRETT, E. J. Growth hormone acutely stimulates skeletal muscle but not whole-body protein synthesis in humans. Metabolism, v. 42, p. 1223-7, 1993.
GIBNEY, J.; HEALY, M. L.; SÖNKSEN, P. H. The growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I axis in exercise and sport. Endocr. Rev., v. 28, p. 603-24, 2007.
GODFREY, R. J.; BLAZEVICH, A. J. Exercise and growth hormone in the aging individual, with special reference to the exercise-induced growth hormone response. Int. Sport. Med. J., v. 5, n. 246, 2004.
GOEDDEL, D. V.; HEYNEKER, H. L.; HOZUMI, T.; ARENTZEN, R.; ITAKURA, K.; YANSURA, D. G. et al. Direct expression in Escherichia coli of a DNA sequence coding for human growth hormone. Nature, v. 281, p. 544-8, 1979.
GUYTON, A. C.; HALL, J. E. (Ed.). Textbook of medical physiology. Pennsylvania: Elsevier Saunders, 2006.
HOLT, R. I.; EROTOKRITOU-MULLIGAN, I.; SÖNKSEN, P. H. The history of doping and growth hormone abuse in sport. Growth Horm IGF Res., v. 19, p. 320-6, 2009.
HOLT, R. I.; SÖNKSEN, P. H. Growth hormone, IGF-I and insulin and their abuse in sport. Br. J. Sports Med., v. 154, p. 542-56, 2008.
IRANMANESH, A.; LIZARRALDE, G.; JOHNSON, M. L.; VELDHUIS, J. D. Nature of altered growth hormone secretion in hyperthyroidism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 72, p. 108-15, 1991.
IRANMANESH, A.; LIZARRALDE, G.; VELDHUIS, J. D. Age and relative adiposity are specific negative determinants of the frequency and amplitude of growth hormone (GH) secretory bursts and the halflife of endogenous GH in healthy men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 73, p. 1081-8, 1991.
KRAEMER, W. J.; DUNN-LEWIS, C.; COMSTOCK, B. A.; THOMAS, G. A.; CLARK, J. E.; NINDL, B. C. Growth hormone, exercise, and athletic performance: a continued evolution of complexity. Curr. Sports Med. Rep., v. 9, p. 242-52, 2010.
LANGE, K. H.; ANDERSEN, J. L.; BEYER, N.; ISAKSSON, F.; LARSSON, B.; RASMUSSEN, M. H. et al. GH administration changes myosin heavy chain isoforms in skeletal muscle but does not augment muscle strength or hypertrophy, either alone or combined with resistance exercise training in healthy elderly men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 87, p. 513-23, 2002.
LANGE, K. H.; ISAKSSON, F.; RASMUSSEN, M. H.; JUUL, A.; BÜLOW, J.; KJAER, M. GH administration and discontinuation in healthy elderly men: effects on body composition, GH-related serum markers, resting heart rate and resting oxygen uptake. Clin. Endocrinol., v. 55, p. 77-86, 2001.
LI, C. H.; DIXON, J. S. Human pituitary growth hormone. 32. The primary structure of the hormone: revision. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., v. 146, p. 233-6, 1971.
LI, C. H.; PAPKOFF, H. Preparation and properties of growth hormone from human and monkey pituitary glands. Science, v. 124, p. 1293-4, 1956.
LONGOBARDI, S.; KEAY, N.; EHRNBORG, C.; CITTADINI, A.; ROSÉN, T.; DALL, R. et al. Growth hormone (GH) effects on bone and collagen turnover in healthy adults and its potential as a marker of GH abuse in sports: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. The GH-2000 Study Group. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 85, p. 1505-12, 2000.
MACINTYRE, J. G. Growth hormone and athletes. Sports Med., v. 4, p. 129-42, 1987.
MCHUGH, C. M.; PARK, R. T.; SÖNKSEN, P. H.; HOLT, R. I. Challenges in detecting the abuse of growth hormone in sport. Clin. Chem., v. 51, p. 1587-93, 2005.
MØLLER, N.; JØRGENSEN, J. O. Effects of growth hormone on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in human subjects. Endocr. Rev., v. 30, p. 152-77, 2009.
NIALL, H. D. Revised primary structure for human growth hormone. Nat. New Biol., v. 230, p. 90-1, 1971.
PELL, J. M.; BATES, P. C. The nutritional regulation of growth hormone action. Nutr. Res. Rev., v. 3, p. 163-92, 1990.
POWRIE, J. K.; BASSETT, E. E.; ROSEN, T; JØRGENSEN, J. O.; NAPOLI, R.; SACCA, L. et al. Detection of growth hormone abuse in sport. Growth Horm IGF Res., v. 17, p. 220-6, 2007.
RABEN, M. S. Treatment of a pituitary dwarf with human growth hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 18, p. 901-3, 1958.
RENNIE, M. J. Claims for the anabolic effects of growth hormone: a case of the emperor's new clothes? Br. J. Sports Med., v. 37, p. 100-5, 2003.
RICKERT, V. I.; PAWLAK-MORELLO, C.; SHEPPARD, V.; JAY, M. S. Human growth hormone: a new substance of abuse among adolescents? Clin. Pediatr., v. 31, p. 723-62, 1992.
SAUGY, M.; ROBINSON, N.; SAUDAN, C.; BAUME, N.; AVOIS, L.; MANGIN, P. Human growth hormone in sport. Br. J. Sports Med., v. 40, p. 35-9, 2006.
SÖNKSEN, P. H. Insulin, growth hormone and sport. J. Endocrinol., v. 170, p. 13-25, 2001.
STOLAR, M. W.; BAUMANN, G. Secretory patterns of growth hormone during basal periods in man. Metabolism., v. 35, p. 883-8, 1986.
TAAFFE, D. R.; PRUITT, L.; REIM, J.; HINTZ, R. L.; BUTTERFIELD, G.; HOFFMAN, A. R. et al. Effect of recombinant human growth hormone on the muscle strength response to resistance exercise in elderly men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 79, p. 1361-6, 1994.
TAKAHASHI, Y.; KIPNIS, D. M.; DAUGHADAY, W. H. Growth hormone secretion during sleep. J. Clin. Invest., v. 47, p. 2079-90, 1968.
TRAVIS, J. Pharmacology. Growth hormone test finally nabs first doper. Science, v. 327, p. 1185, 2010.
WALLACE, J. D.; CUNEO, R. C.; BIDLINGMAIER, M.; LUNDBERG, P. A.; CARLSSON, L.; BOGUSZEWSKI, C. L. et al. Changes in non-22-kilodalton (kDa) isoforms of growth hormone (GH) after administration of 22- kDa recombinant human GH in trained adult males. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 86, p. 1731-7, 2001.
WILLIAMS, T.; MAXON, H.; THORNER, M. O.; FROHMAN, L. A. Blunted growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing hormone in hypothyroidism resolves in the euthyroid state. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 61, p. 454-6, 1985.
WINER, L. M.; SHAW, M. A.; BAUMANN, G. Basal plasma growth hormone levels in man: new evidence for rhythmicity of growth hormone secretion. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., v. 70, p. 1678-86, 1990.
WORLD ANTI-DOPING AGENCY. International Standard for Laboratories; 2008 [citada 15 noviembre 2013]. Disponible en: <http://www.wada- ama.org/rtecontent/document/lab_08_V_05.pdf>.
WU, Z.; BIDLINGMAIER, M.; DALL, R.; STRASBURGER, C. J. Detection of doping with human growth hormone. Lancet, v. 353, p. 895, 1999.
YARASHESKI, K. E.; ZACHWIEJA, J. J.; CAMPBELL, J. A.; BIER, D. M. Effect of growth hormone and resistance exercise on muscle growth and strength in older men. Am. J. Physiol., v. 268, p. 268-76, 1995.
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2015-03-30
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Carneiro Júnior, M. A. ., Campos, H. O. ., Drummond, L. R. ., Marins, J. C. B. ., & Natali, A. J. . (2015). Growth hormone and doping in sport. Revista Mineira De Educação Física, 23(1), 38–52. Retrieved from https://periodicos.ufv.br/revminef/article/view/10009
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