Analysis of integrated solutions for distributed generation, energy storage and electric vehicles in the context of the white tariff

Abstract

Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollutants is essential for environmental conservation and preservation. This requires an urgent reduction in reliance on fossil fuels in energy and transportation. In this context, aiming for sustainable development, this article proposes the integration of photovoltaic distributed generation systems, energy storage, and electric vehicles as an alternative to reduce demand on the electrical grid during peak hours. The study aims to simulate and analyze variations in electricity consumption and billing for five classes of consumers served with single-phase voltage, considering both the white and conventional tariffs.Two scenarios were considered: the first consists of consumers solely connected to the electrical grid, with a grid-connected photovoltaic system (GCPS), and with GCPS with a battery integrated into the inverter with capacities of 2, 4, and 10 kWh. The second scenario includes the electric vehicle as a load for the system but also as a mechanism for energy storage and generation during peak hours, as proposed in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. The results showed the lowest billing value for consumers in classes 1, 2, 3, and 4 with GCPS and a 10 kWh battery under white tariff in the first scenario. In the second scenario, the white tariff was viable for all proposed configurations. This highlights the feasibility of white tariff when there is a significant reduction in nighttime consumption, during peak and off-peak hours, in accordance with the higher rates applied in this mode.